Important Complete 2nd Year Chemistry Chapter 16 Notes written by Honorable Professor Mr. Faraz Qadir Suib. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of 2nd Year Chemistry Chapter 16 Notes for the students of the intermediate and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.
Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
- Define environmental chemistry.
- Write the names of components of environment.
- Define atmosphere. What is the composition of atmosphere?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- What is the role of atmosphere?
- What is hydrosphere?
- What is the composition of hydrosphere?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
- What is lithosphere? Give its composition.
- Give composition of lithosphere.
- What is biosphere?
- What is ecosystem?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Define environmental pollutant.
- What are the primary pollutants?
- What are the secondary air pollutants?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
- CO is a highly poisonous gas. Justify.
- What are the natural sources of carbon monoxide?
- How is carbon monoxide released through human activities?
- What are the natural sources of nitrogen oxides?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 solved exercise pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
- How are nitrogen oxides produced through human activities?
- What are the natural sources of sulphur oxides?
- How sulphur oxides are produced through human activities?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- What are the natural sources of hydrocarbons?
- How are the hydrocarbons produced through human activities?
- Write down the adverse effects of acid rain.
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 solved exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- What is reducing smog?
- What is oxidizing/photochemical smog?
- Which conditions are required for the formation of smog?
- What is the role of ozone layer?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- What are the harmful effects of ozone as a pollutant?
- What is the role of chlorofluorocarbons in destroying ozone layer?
- What are the harmful effects of pesticides/organic chemicals?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
- How livestock waste causes water pollution?
- How oil spillage causes threat to aquatic life?
- What are the components of insdustrial waste effluents?
- What are the harmful effects of industrial waste effluents?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- How detergents pose threat to aquatic life?
- Which pollutant is produced in leather tanneries?
- What is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)? How is it determined?
- What is chemical oxygen demand (COD)? How is it determined?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Tell about the aeration technique used in purification of water.
- Tell about the coagulation technique used in the purification of water.
- How water is disinfected by chlorine?
- What are the harmful effects of chlorination of water?
- Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 16 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- What factors are taken care of during making of a landfill?
- What do you know about incineration?
- What is meant by recycling of waste? Give its importance.
- Name the steps involved in recycling of plastics.
- INTRODUCTION: Environmental chemistry deals with the chemicals and other pollutants in the environment. In this we study the sources, reactions, transportation of the chemicals and other toxic substances especially created by human activity in the environment and their adverse effects on human beings. This branch of chemistry is interrelated with all other branches of science, i.e. biology, physics, medicine, agriculture, public health and sanitary engineering, etc.
- Components of the Environment: The environment consists of the following components: (i) Atmosphere (ii) Hydrosphere (iii) Lithosphere (iv) Biosphere
- (i) Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. It consists of various gases in different proportions i.e., N2 (78%), O2 (21%), Ar (0.9 %), CO2 (0.03 %) and trace amounts of H2, O3, CH4, CO, He, Ne, Kr and Xe. It also contains varying amounts of water vapours. Its thickness is about 1000 km above the surface of the earth and half of its mass is concentrated in the lower 5.6 km. The gases in the atmosphere absorb most of the cosmic rays and the major portion of the harmful electromagnetic radiation coming from the sun.
- (ii) Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere includes all water bodies, mainly oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, polar ice caps, glaciers and ground water reservoirs ( water below earth surface ). Oceans contain 97% of earth’s water but because of high salt contents this water cannot be used for human consumption. The polar ice caps and glaciers consist of 2% of the earth’s total water supply.