Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Notes

• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is lithotripsy?
• What are pyrogens?
• What is hypertonic environment and what changes occur in a cell in such environment?  OR  Differentiate between hypotonic and hypertonic environment.
• Important biology class 12 chapter 15 notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are osmoconformers and osmoregulators?
• What is extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy?
• What are heat shock proteins?
• Important chapter 15 biology class 12 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are flame cells? Give their role.  OR What are flame cells? Why they are called so?
• Write structural formula of urea and uric acid.
• Define homeostasis. Give its importance.
• Important chapter 15 class 12 biology notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• Define anhydrobiosis with an example.
• Define counter current multiplier mechanism.
• Differentiate between poikilotherms and homeotherms.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 notes pdf download for Intermediate part-II students.
• Differentiate between ectotherms and endotherms.
• Differentiate between shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis.
• Differentiate between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. 
• Important class 12 chapter 15 biology notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• Differentiate between xerophytes and mesophytes.  OR  What are xerophytes? Give two adaptationsofxerophytes.
• Explain the process of panting with example.
• Illustrate the function of Malpighian tubules.
• Important notes of chapter 15 biology class 12 for Intermediate part-II students.
• Why leaves are said to be excretophore?
• Differentiate between protonephridium and metanephridium.
• Define uremia. What is permanent treatment?
• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 exercise solutions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are metanephridium?  Earthworm is the ideal example of tubular excretory system called as metanephridium. This system has an internal ciliated opening nephrostome which is immersed in coelomic fluid and enveloped by a network of capillaries. Nephrostome collects coelomic fluid.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are malpighian tubules?  Terrestrial arthropods particularly in the insects, the excretory structures are adapted to collect excretory products from haemolymph in sinuses through suspended tubular structures called malpighian tubules.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 important questions and qnswers for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are metabolic wastes?  The generation of wastes is primarily done at metabolic level and these are called metabolic wastes. These include urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and toxins.
• What is bilirubin?  The end products of haemoglobin breakdown and metabolites of various hormones is called bilirubin.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 questions and answers for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is urea cycle?  The metabolic pathways involved in the production of urea are termed as urea cycle. Two ammonia and one carbon dioxide molecules are shunted into the cycle to generate one molecule of urea.
• What is ureter?  Urine leaves the kidney through a duct ureter. The ureters of both the kidneys drain into urinary bladder through ureteral orifice.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are juxtamedullary nephrons?  The nephrons arranged along the border of cortex and medulla with their tubular system looping deep in inner medulla are juxtamedullary nephrons. These are specifically important in the production of concentrated urine.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 15 short notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is glomerulus?  Bowman's capsule is around a ball of capillaries called glomerulus. Glomerulus circulates blood through capsule as it arrives through afferent arteriole and leaves the capsule by efferent arteriole.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 1 notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is counter current multiplier?  This mechanism causes gradual osmotic outflow of water from the filterate back to kidney as it passes downward in the descending loop of Henle. The ascending loop of Henle does not allow outflow of water from its filterate, instead actively transport Na (+) into kidney interstitium to sustain its high concentration.
• Important 12 class biology 1 chapter notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is the most common way of lithotripsy?  The most common way of lithotripsy is extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy.  High concentrations of X-ray or ultrasound are directed from a machine outside the body to the stone inside. The shock waves break the stone in tiny pieces or into sand, which are passed out of the body in urine.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 1 notes pdf download for Intermediate part-II students.
• How peritoneal dialysis is done?  Peritoneal cavity of abdomen is filled with dialysis fluid that enters the body through a catheter (a thin flexible tube is inserted into a part of the body to inject or drain away fluid or to keep a passage open). Excess water and wastes pass through the peritoneum into the dialysis fluid. This process is repeated several times a day.
• Important 12 class biology chapter 1 notes for Intermediate part-II students.