Class 12 Physics Chapter 21 Notes

Important Easy to understand Notes of Physics of Class 12 Physics Chapter 21 Notes written by Professor Mr. Asad Abbas Suib. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of Class 12 Physics Chapter 21 Notes for students of the 12th class and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab Book Boards.

Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:
  • Important chapter 21 physics class 12 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
  • What is Rutherford nuclear model?
  • What is Atomic number/Charge number?
  • What are ISOTOPES? Give examples.
  • What is mass spectrograph? Write its principle and equation.
  • Important chapter 21 physics class 12 numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
  • What is Mass number?
  • Properties of binding energy per nucleon
  • What is radioactivity? Explain the different types of decay.
  • Radioactive elements& radioactivity
  • Important chapter 21 physics class 12 notes for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Transuranic elements
  • Parent and daughter element
  • What is half life and decay constant?
  • What is range of alpha particle? On which factors it depend?
  • Important Class 12 Physics chapter 21 numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Write the properties of alpha particles
  • Alpha particle has following properties
  • Write the Properties of beta particles?
  • Write the Properties of gamma rays?
  • Write Interaction of gamma rays with matter
  • Important Class 12 Physics chapter 21 exercise questions for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Definition of Radiation detectors with example
  • What is WC chamber? Write its principle.
  • Potential required b/w top and bottom of WC chamber: 1KV=1000 V. What is the Track of particles in WC chamber? There are following tracks of particles in WC chamber
  • Important Class 12 Physics chapter 21 Important numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
  • What is Geiger Muller Counter. 
  • Potential difference required in GM counter:
  • What is solid state detector? Write principle and properties.
  • Important Physics class 12 Chapter 21 questions and answers for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Potential is required for solid state detector
  • Energy is required for producing a current pulse
  • Properties of solid state detector: 
  • Definition of Nuclear reactions and Conditions must be satisfied for nuclear reaction.
  • Important Class 12 Physics chapter 21 numericals pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Define nuclear fission?
  • Nuclear reaction for fission reaction
  • What is Fission chain reaction?
  • What is Critical mass and critical volume?
  • What is Principle of working of atomic bomb?
  • Important Class 12 Physics chapter 21 short questions and answers for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Why Cadmium is used to absorb large number of neutrons?
  • What is NUCLEAR REACTOR? Explain its principle, parts and types.
  • Types of reactors
  • Definition of  Thermal reactors
  • Definition of  Fast reactors
  • Definition of  Enriched uranium
  • Important Class 12 Physics chapter 21 numericals pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Define Fusion reaction?
  • What are the Methods for producing fusion reaction?
  • What are Cosmic rays?
  • How Ozone layer is most important?
  • How Depletion of ozone layer suspected?
  • What are the Sources of radiation exposure
  • Activity of radioactive elements
  • Radioactive absorbed dose
  • Amount of radiations is normally considered safe
  • Diseases are caused by low level radiations
  • Biological and medical uses of radiations
  • Write the Uses of radioisotopes?
  • Write Uses of radioactive tracer?
  • Which isotope is used for blood circulation checking
  • Which isotope is used to cure cancer in radiotherapy
  • Which isotopes is used to cure thyroid cancer:
  • Which isotope is used for skin cancer
  • Write the names of any four Basic forces of nature.
  • Definition of Electromagnetic force
  • Definition of Weak nuclear force
  • Definition of Gravitational force
  • Unification of electromagnetic and weak forces
  • What were the results of alpha scattering experiment
  • Isotopes of Xenon and cesium have
  • Beta decay occur and Range and benefit of ozone
  • Diseases caused by ultraviolet radiations
  • Device is used to monitor radiations received by worker in nuclear facilities: Film badge dosimeter Types of radioactive waste:
  • The element Pa 234 91 is unstable and decays by beta-emission with a half-life 6.66 hours. State the nuclear reaction and the daughter nuclei.
  • What are isotopes? What do they have in common and what are their differences?
  • Why are heavy nuclei unstable?
  • If a nucleus has a half-life of 1 year, does this mean that it will be completely decayed after 2 years? Explain.
  • What fraction of a radioactive sample decays after two half-lives have elapsed? 
  • The radioactive element Ra 226 88 has a half-life of 1.6 x 10^3 years. Since the Earth is about 5 billion years old, how can you explain why we still can find this element in nature?
  • Describe a brief account of interaction of various types of radiations with matter.
  • Explain how alpha and beta-particles may ionize an atom without directly hitting the electrons? What is the difference in the action of the two particles for producing ionization?
  • A particle, which produces more ionization, is less penetrating? Why?

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